A systematic literature review (SLR) is an invaluable tool for researchers seeking to synthesise existing knowledge on a topic methodically. Unlike traditional literature reviews, a systematic literature review follows a structured, rigorous approach to ensure comprehensive and unbiased results.
In this blog, we’ll explore what is a systematic literature review, its purpose, and key differences when comparing systematic review vs literature review. We’ll also provide insights on how to do a systematic literature review, along with an outline of the systematic review structure and examples of its application.
What is a Systematic Literature Review?
A systematic literature review is a detailed, organised process for collecting, evaluating, and synthesising research related to a specific question or area of interest. Its primary purpose is to summarise all relevant studies, identify gaps in the literature, and draw conclusions based on high-quality evidence.
The defining features of a systematic review include:
- A clearly defined research question.
- Predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria for selecting studies.
- Comprehensive search strategies covering multiple databases.
- Transparent data collection and analysis methods.
Key Characteristics:
- Objectivity: Reduces bias by using standardised methods.
- Reproducibility: Allows other researchers to replicate the review process.
Systematic Review vs Literature Review
While both systematic and traditional literature reviews summarise existing knowledge, they differ significantly in their approach and purpose.
| Aspect | Systematic Review | Traditional Literature Review |
| Focus | Specific research question. | General overview of a topic. |
| Methodology | Rigid and predefined. | Flexible and subjective. |
| Search Strategy | Exhaustive and systematic. | Selective and narrative. |
| Bias Reduction | Uses explicit criteria to minimise bias. | May include researcher bias. |
| Reproducibility | Fully replicable. | Difficult to replicate. |
In essence, a systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive, unbiased synthesis, while a traditional literature review is more descriptive and narrative in nature.
How to Do a Systematic Literature Review
Conducting a systematic literature review involves several stages, requiring meticulous planning and execution. Below is a step-by-step guide:
1. Define Your Research Question
Formulate a clear, focused question. For example:
- Systematic review example: “What is the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions for reducing anxiety in university students?”
2. Develop a Protocol
Create a detailed plan outlining:
- Inclusion and exclusion criteria.
- Databases to search.
- Keywords and search terms.
3. Conduct a Comprehensive Search
Search multiple databases (e.g., PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) using Boolean operators to ensure thoroughness.
4. Screen Studies
Use the inclusion and exclusion criteria to filter studies. Tools like PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) can help manage this process.
5. Extract Data
Create a data extraction table to collect key information from each study, such as methodology, findings, and limitations.
6. Analyse and Synthesise Data
Use qualitative or quantitative methods (e.g., meta-analysis) to synthesise findings.
7. Write Your Report
Follow a structured format to present your findings.
Systematic Review Structure
An effective systematic review follows a clear structure, ensuring clarity and consistency.
1. Introduction
- Define the research problem.
- Highlight the importance of the topic.
- State the research question or objective.
2. Methods
- Describe the protocol.
- List databases searched and inclusion/exclusion criteria.
- Explain data extraction and synthesis processes.
3. Results
- Present findings using tables, charts, or narratives.
- Discuss the quantity and quality of studies reviewed.
4. Discussion
- Interpret the results in the context of existing knowledge.
- Identify gaps or limitations in the reviewed studies.
5. Conclusion
- Summarise key findings.
- Provide recommendations for future research.
Types of Systematic Literature Review
Systematic literature reviews can vary based on methodology and objectives. Below are common types of systematic literature review:
1. Qualitative Systematic Review
Focuses on synthesising qualitative data to explore themes and patterns.
- Example: Understanding patient experiences of chronic illness management.
2. Quantitative Systematic Review
Uses statistical methods (meta-analysis) to combine numerical data from studies.
- Example: Evaluating the efficacy of antidepressants in treating depression.
3. Mixed-Methods Systematic Review
Integrates both qualitative and quantitative data for a comprehensive synthesis.
4. Scoping Review
Explores the breadth of research on a topic without strict inclusion criteria.
- Example: Examining emerging trends in AI applications in education.
5. Umbrella Review
Reviews other systematic reviews to provide an overarching summary.
Systematic Review Example
Consider this systematic review example:
Research Question: “How effective are online learning platforms in improving student engagement during remote learning?”
Process:
- Search Strategy: Conducted searches in databases like ERIC, Scopus, and Google Scholar.
- Inclusion Criteria: Studies published between 2010–2023, focusing on secondary and higher education.
- Findings: Platforms with interactive features (e.g., quizzes, forums) significantly improved engagement compared to passive learning tools.
Why Are Systematic Reviews Important?
Systematic reviews are invaluable for making evidence-based decisions in fields like healthcare, education, and policy. They:
- Reduce bias by following standardised methods.
- Provide a comprehensive overview of existing knowledge.
- Highlight areas needing further research.
For students, understanding how to conduct or critique a systematic review is a valuable academic skill.
Final Thoughts
A systematic literature review is a rigorous, methodical approach to synthesising research on a specific topic. By following a well-defined systematic review structure, researchers can produce high-quality evidence to inform decisions and advance knowledge.
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